Santa Maria Centro tides today
- Tide now 0.5 ft ↓ falling · low 4:16 am (0.5 ft)
- Best time to fish 3:20–4:30 pm good day · 7/10
- Beach day 1:00–6:00 pm Good beach day · 8/10
- Waves · water 4.0 ft · 81 °F slight · 9.9 s from the north-northwest
- Wind · air 16 mph · 80 °F from the NNE, gusts 22 · overcast
- Surf today 1.0–1.5 ft Poor day · 3/10 · 7:00–10:00 am
- Sun 6:28 am–6:02 pm 11 h 34 min of daylight
- Moon 85% · 9:13 pm waning gibbous · rises at 9:13 pm
Today in Santa Maria Centro there are high tides at 10:41 am (3.1 ft) and 10:54 pm (3.5 ft) and low tides at 4:16 am and 4:18 pm. Tide coefficient 91. Right now the tide is falling toward the low tide at 4:16 am. The sun rises at 6:28 am and sets at 6:02 pm: 11 h 34 min of daylight. The moon is 85% illuminated (waning gibbous) and rises at 9:13 pm. Major solunar periods run from 2:01 am to 4:01 am and from 2:33 pm to 4:33 pm. The next spring tides arrive from November 9 to 11. The sea is slight, with 4.0 ft waves. There's a moderate breeze from the north-northeast (16 mph). Overcast, 80 °F.
Fishing in Santa Maria Centro today
Best time to fish
Solunar activity today: medium- Low tide at 4:18 pm
- Major period 2:33–4:33 pm
- Steady pressure (29.91 inHg), moderate offshore wind (15 mph) and some swell (4.4 ft waves) to stir the water
- Waning gibbous: a bit more activity than at the quarters
- Highest tide coefficient today: 91 (spring tides)
Your day at a glance
The best window, 3:20 pm to 4:30 pm, combines the 4:18 pm low tide, a major period and some swell, though with moderate wind. Also worth a try from 3:20 am to 4:00 am, with the 4:16 am low tide, a major period and some swell, though with moderate wind. Also worth a try from 9:40 am to 10:20 am, with the 10:41 am high tide, moonset and some swell, though with moderate wind.
Species with the most records nearby: axillary seabream, sand steenbras, bonefish and common smooth-hound. What you can catch
Beach day in Santa Maria Centro
Is it a beach day?
5 good hours- Sunny
- Feels like 88 °F: beach weather
- Calm for swimming: 4.5 ft waves
- UV 6 (high): SPF 50 sunscreen
- Water at 81 °F (warm)
- Low tide at 4:18 pm: more sand
Today, hour by hour
- Swimming Calm · 4.5 ft
4.5 ft waves: calm for swimming. Low rip current risk. Always follow the lifeguard's flags.
- Water 81 °F
Warm: very pleasant.
- Sun & sunscreen UV 6 · SPF 50
Max UV 6 (high): SPF 50 sunscreen, reapplied every 2 hours.
- Wind 21 mph
Fresh offshore wind (21 mph): blowing sand. Skip the inflatables: offshore wind carries them out to sea.
- Tide & sand 4:16 am
Low tide at 4:16 am and 4:18 pm: that's when there's the most sand. High tide at 10:41 am and 10:54 pm. Coefficient 91 (spring tides): little sand left at high tide.
The best window, 1:00 pm to 6:00 pm, brings sunshine, beach weather, a calm sea, water at 81 °F and low tide at 4:18 pm, though with moderate offshore wind.
We don't have data on jellyfish, sargassum or beach closures: ask the lifeguard or check with the local beach authority. How it works · The next 7 days
Beaches near Santa Maria Centro
Map: OpenFreeMap · © OpenMapTiles · © OpenStreetMap contributors
- Praia António Sousa 0.4 mi · SE
- Restrooms
- Praia de Santa Maria 0.8 mi · SW
- Lifeguard
- Restrooms
- Showers
- Parking
- Praia de Igrejinha 1.1 mi · E
- Costa da Fragata 1.5 mi · N
- Restrooms
- Parking
- Curral do Dadó 4.1 mi · NW
- Calheta Funda 4.5 mi · NW
Named beaches within 6.2 mi, nearest first. Amenities from OpenStreetMap: some may be missing or out of date. View on OpenStreetMap · Add or fix on OpenStreetMap
Beaches and amenities: © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL).
Webcams near Santa Maria Centro
Webcams provided by windy.com — add a webcam
Tides in Santa Maria Centro
Today's high and low tides
- ▼ Next low tide 4:16 am 0.5 ft
- ▲ High tide 10:41 am 3.1 ft · coef. 91
- ▼ Low tide 4:18 pm 0.6 ft
- ▲ High tide 10:54 pm 3.5 ft · coef. 86
↓ Falling The tide is falling. 35 min to low tide at 4:16 am.
Tide coefficient 91 for the 10:41 am high tide and 86 for the 10:54 pm high tide. Spring tides. The water rises and falls 3.0 ft between the highest high and the lowest low: a large range for this place. 70 is an average tide here; 90 and above means spring tides; below 45, neap tides. What is the tide coefficient?
2026 extremes: the highest tide of the year is on August 14 (3.9 ft) and the lowest, on April 19 (0.2 ft).
Semidiurnal: two high and two low tides a day, of similar height.
Heights above chart datum: the lowest astronomical tide (LAT), the zero of nautical charts in Europe. Astronomical prediction: wind and air pressure can raise or lower the water by a few inches, and more in a storm. Not for navigation. chart datum (LAT)
Tide coefficient and range in October
The biggest tides of the month came from October 10 to 11 (coefficient 101, 3.1 ft range). The smallest, on October 19 (coefficient 27, 1.1 ft).
Tide and solunar table · this week
| Day | Sun | Tide 1 | Tide 2 | Tide 3 | Tide 4 | Coef. | Moon | Major periods | Activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Today, Thu 29 | 6:28 am · 6:02 pm | Low tide 4:16 am · 0.5 ft | High tide 10:41 am · 3.1 ft | Low tide 4:18 pm · 0.6 ft | High tide 10:54 pm · 3.5 ft | Coef. 91 | 85% | Major periods 2:01 am · 2:33 pm | Medium |
| Fri 30 | 6:29 am · 6:02 pm | Low tide 5:04 am · 0.6 ft | High tide 11:31 am · 2.8 ft | Low tide 5:00 pm · 0.8 ft | High tide 11:46 pm · 3.3 ft | Coef. 80 | 75% | Major periods 3:06 am · 3:37 pm | Medium |
| Sat 31 | 6:29 am · 6:01 pm | Low tide 5:59 am · 0.8 ft | High tide 12:30 pm · 2.6 ft | Low tide 5:49 pm · 1.1 ft | — | Coef. 66 | 65% | Major periods 4:08 am · 4:38 pm | Medium |
| Sun 1 | 6:29 am · 6:01 pm | High tide 12:48 am · 3.2 ft | Low tide 7:05 am · 1.0 ft | High tide 1:42 pm · 2.4 ft | Low tide 6:49 pm · 1.3 ft | Coef. 59 | Last quarter | Major periods 5:07 am · 5:34 pm | Medium |
| Mon 2 | 6:30 am · 6:01 pm | High tide 2:02 am · 3.1 ft | Low tide 8:33 am · 1.2 ft | High tide 3:08 pm · 2.4 ft | Low tide 8:11 pm · 1.5 ft | Coef. 48 | 42% | Major periods 6:01 am · 6:26 pm | Medium |
| Tue 3 | 6:30 am · 6:00 pm | High tide 3:22 am · 3.1 ft | Low tide 10:11 am · 1.2 ft | High tide 4:30 pm · 2.5 ft | Low tide 9:50 pm · 1.5 ft | Coef. 48 | 32% | Major periods 6:50 am · 7:13 pm | Medium |
| Wed 4 | 6:30 am · 6:00 pm | High tide 4:37 am · 3.1 ft | Low tide 11:21 am · 1.1 ft | High tide 5:34 pm · 2.8 ft | Low tide 11:09 pm · 1.3 ft | Coef. 58 | 22% | Major periods 7:36 am · 7:58 pm | Low |
▲ high tide · ▼ low tide · heights above chart datum (LAT). Major periods: start time; they last 2 hours. Activity: based on the moon phase and the solunar periods.
Where this tide comes from
Santa Maria Centro has no station of its own, so we use the tide at Palmeira (TICON-4), 12 mi away. On the open coast the difference is usually a few minutes and inches; inside estuaries, rivers and enclosed bays it can be much larger.
Station data attribution: Slackwater database (https://github.com/openwatersio/slackwater-database). Source: Hart-Davis, M., Dettmering, D., Seitz, F. (2025), TICON-4: TIdal CONstants based on GESLA-4 sea-level records, SEANOE, https://doi.org/10.17882/109129. Licensed CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Modified: see https://github.com/openwatersio/slackwater-database#modifications-to-source-data
The sea at Santa Maria Centro
Sea stateSea state: slight
The waves you may find
- Most commonMost common2.0 ft
- Significant4.0 ft
- Highest expectedHighest8.1 ft
One wave in seven is higher than the significant height, and about 3 times a day one reaches 8.1 ft. Before heading out, expect waves of up to 8.1 ft.
Wind on the coast and offshore
The model doesn't separate offshore wind here: it's the same as on the coast.
Offshore wind. The coast faces south and the wind blows from land out to sea: calm shore and clean waves, but watch the drift out to sea.
Wave height, next 7 daysWaves, next 7 days
Waves stay much the same all week. The biggest waves arrive on Thursday 29: 4.5 ft with a period of 9 s, from the north (moderate).
Water temperature
Water temperature →Water temperature changes how fish behave: in very cold or very warm water they feed less. The water is steady these days, with no sudden changes.
Water warmer than normal for late October (+2.0 °F).
Satellite: NASA MUR (JPL MUR MEaSUREs, PO.DAAC), doi:10.5067/GHGMR-4FJ04. Sources and licenses
Water temperature →Forecast from Open-Meteo (CC BY 4.0) with models from ECMWF, NOAA, Météo-France, DWD, Copernicus Marine and CAMS. Updated at 3:41 am (local time).
Surf in Santa Maria Centro today
Surf today
Poor- 1.0–1.5 ft surf at the shore, small: good for learning or a longboard
- 3.1 ft swell at 11 s from the northwest, average; this coast faces away from it
- Fresh offshore wind (21 mph)
- Rising tide (high tide at 10:41 am)
- Light: First light 6:06 am · sunrise 6:28 am · sunset 6:02 pm · last light 6:24 pm
- Tide: low 4:16 am (0.5 ft), high 10:41 am (3.1 ft), low 4:18 pm (0.6 ft) and high 10:54 pm (3.5 ft). Every break has its own tide: some work at low tide and others at high tide. The tide doesn’t change the score here.
- Water at 81.1 °F: boardshorts or a swimsuit and a rash guard.
- Energy: 221 kJ · Medium power
Today’s surf at a glance
The best window is 7:00 am to 10:00 am, though with small waves. 5:00 pm to 6:00 pm can also work, with light offshore wind, though with barely any waves.
An estimate for this stretch of coast, not for a specific break: every beach or reef works its own way (its tide, bottom and angle). Check it when you get there.
Follow the flags and the lifeguards, and don’t paddle out if the surf is above your level: this score is a guide, not a substitute for what you see when you get there.
Diving in Santa Maria Centro today
Diving and snorkeling today
Likely visibility: good- Slack water around high tide (10:41 am): little current from 10:20 am to 11:00 am
- 3.1 ft swell at 9 s from the north: some surge on the bottom
- Moderate offshore wind (15 mph): it pushes surface swimmers away from shore
- 0.4 mph current toward the southeast, weak (model)
- Sun high: more light underwater
- Slack water today: low tide 4:16 am (4:00–4:40 am), high tide 10:41 am (10:20–11:00 am), low tide 4:18 pm (4:00–4:40 pm) and high tide 10:54 pm (10:30–11:20 pm)
- Likely visibility: good. Swell (up to 3.1 ft at 11 s) over the last few days has stirred up the water. Based on the last 24 hours of data.
- Water at 81.1 °F: a shorty or a rash guard.
- Snorkeling: better not, with these waves, wind or current.
- Night dive: dark from 6:24 pm. Waning gibbous (85%), rising at 9:13 pm: a bright night.
Your diving day at a glance
The best window, 9:40 am to 11:40 am, combines slack water at high tide, weak current and the sun high, though with some swell and moderate wind. Also worth a look from 3:40 pm to 5:00 pm, with slack water at low tide, though with some swell, moderate wind and current.
Slack water comes from the tide: in inlets, channels and between islands the water can keep running for an hour or two after. Ask the local dive shop.
Never dive alone and check with the local dive shop: this rating is a guide, not a substitute for a professional.
Dive sites, wrecks and dive shops nearby
Map: OpenFreeMap · © OpenMapTiles · © OpenStreetMap contributors
- Wreck 0.8 mi
- Wreck 2.3 mi
- Reserva Natural de Costa da Fragata 2.4 mi
- Santa Maria DIVE Center 0.2 mi
- Dive Dunas de Sal 0.2 mi
- Scuba Team Cabo Verde 0.3 mi
- Eco Dive School Cabo Verde 0.4 mi
- Relax and Diving Center 0.6 mi
- Manta Diving Center 0.6 mi
- Manta Diving Center Cape Verde 0.9 mi
- padi diving center 1.1 mi
- ScubaCaribe RIU Funana 1.5 mi
Within 12 mi. Some may be missing or closed; marine reserves usually need a permit. Open the map on OpenStreetMap · Missing one? Add it to OpenStreetMap
Wreck and reef positions are approximate and not for navigation; a wreck’s depth runs from the top of the hull to the seabed.
Sites: © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL). Wrecks: EMODnet Human Activities (AND-International), from UK Hydrographic Office data, CC BY 4.0. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Weather in Santa Maria Centro
Now in Santa Maria Centro
- Low / high
- 80 / 84 °F
- Rain
- 0.00 in · 30%
- Clouds
- 94%
- Humidity
- 78%
- Dew pointDew point
- 73 °F
- Visibility
- 15 mi
- UV indexUV
- 0 · low
- Air qualityAir
- Moderate · 49
- Saharan dust
- Moderate
Pressure and fishing
- ↗ RisingRising Anglers say fish bite less for a while
- → SteadySteady Anglers expect normal activity
- ↘ FallingFalling · now Anglers say fish feed more before the change
Falling now (−0.04 inHg in 3 hours). Over the next 48 hours: −0.04 inHg. Falling pressure: anglers say fish feed more before the change. Fast changes, either way, tend to affect fishing.
Today, hour by hourHour by hour
Bars: mean wind. Dashed line: gusts. Arrows point where the wind blows to.
| Time | 12:00 am | 3:00 am | 6:00 am | 9:00 am | 12:00 pm | 3:00 pm | 6:00 pm | 9:00 pm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sky | Overcast | Overcast | Overcast | Overcast | Partly cloudy | Clear sky | Clear sky | Clear |
| Temperature | 81° | 80° | 82° | 84° | 82° | 83° | 83° | 83° |
| Wind (mph) | 13 N | 17 NNE | 17 NE | 19 ENE | 14 ENE | 15 NE | 14 NE | 12 NE |
| Gusts | 18 | 23 | 23 | 25 | 21 | 20 | 19 | 14 |
| Waves | 3.8 ft | 4.0 ft | 4.1 ft | 4.2 ft | 4.4 ft | 4.4 ft | 4.3 ft | 4.2 ft |
| Rain | 0.00 in | 0.00 in | 0.00 in | 0.00 in | 0.00 in | 0.00 in | 0.00 in | 0.00 in |
- 3:00 am 80° 17 NNE 4.0 ft
- 6:00 am 82° 17 NE 4.1 ft
- 9:00 am 84° 19 ENE 4.2 ft
- 12:00 pm 82° 14 ENE 4.4 ft
- 3:00 pm 83° 15 NE 4.4 ft
- 6:00 pm 83° 14 NE 4.3 ft
- 9:00 pm 83° 12 NE 4.2 ft
- 12:00 am 82° 12 NE 4.1 ft
Next 14 daysComing days
| Day | Sky | Low / high | Max wind | Max wave | High tides |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Today · 29 | 80 / 84 °F | 21 mph NE | 4.5 ft | 10:41 am · 10:54 pm | |
| Fri 30 | 80 / 84 °F | 18 mph NE | 4.1 ft | 11:31 am · 11:46 pm | |
| Sat 31 | 78 / 80 °F | 13 mph NE | 3.3 ft | 12:30 pm | |
| Sun 1 | 77 / 79 °F | 6 mph NE | 3.4 ft | 12:48 am · 1:42 pm | |
| Mon 2 | 77 / 80 °F | 11 mph NNE | 3.9 ft | 2:02 am · 3:08 pm | |
| Tue 3 | 77 / 80 °F | 9 mph NE | 3.6 ft | 3:22 am · 4:30 pm | |
| Wed 4 | 77 / 79 °F | 9 mph NE | 2.8 ft | 4:37 am · 5:34 pm | |
| Thu 5 | 78 / 81 °F | 11 mph ENE | 2.8 ft | 5:41 am · 6:23 pm | |
| Fri 6 | 79 / 80 °F | 16 mph NE | 3.9 ft | 6:34 am · 7:05 pm | |
| Sat 7 | 78 / 81 °F | 15 mph NE | 3.9 ft | 7:19 am · 7:42 pm | |
| Sun 8 | 79 / 82 °F | 15 mph NNE | 4.0 ft | 7:59 am · 8:17 pm | |
| Mon 9 | 78 / 82 °F | 18 mph NNE | 4.7 ft | 8:36 am · 8:51 pm | |
| Tue 10 | 78 / 81 °F | 22 mph NNE | 5.6 ft | 9:10 am · 9:24 pm | |
| Wed 11 | 79 / 80 °F | 19 mph NE | 5.4 ft | 9:44 am · 9:58 pm |
- Fri 30 Clear sky 80° / 84° 4.1 ft
- Sat 31 Mainly clear 78° / 80° 3.3 ft
- Sun 1 Clear sky 77° / 79° 3.4 ft
- Mon 2 Partly cloudy 77° / 80° 3.9 ft
- Tue 3 Light drizzle 77° / 80° 3.6 ft
- Wed 4 Clear sky 77° / 79° 2.8 ft
- Thu 5 Overcast 78° / 81° 2.8 ft
Each day comes from the best model covering this spot: regional ones first (HRRR and NBM in the U.S., AROME, ICON-EU), then ECMWF; day 16, NOAA GFS. Waves: Météo-France up to day 10, then ECMWF WAM, coarser and further offshore. High tides: our own tide calculation.
- The models They agree · high confidence for the next few days. See the models →
- Outlook Next few weeks, compared with normal: a bit warmer, normal rain and a slightly warmer sea. See the outlook →
- Normal Today, normal highs for late October (83 °F). Climate by month →
Forecast from Open-Meteo (CC BY 4.0) with models from ECMWF, NOAA, Météo-France, DWD, Copernicus Marine and CAMS. Updated at 3:41 am (local time).
The sun in Santa Maria Centro
Sunrise and sunset
- First light 5:40 am
- Full dark 6:50 pm
- Civil dawn 6:06 am
- Civil dusk 6:24 pm
- Solar noon 12:15 pm (60° high)
- Daylight 11 h 34 min (−1 min)
- Evening golden hour 5:33 pm
- Full dark 6:50 pm
Golden hour and the day-night map
Today the sun is 92,334,013 mi away and looks 32′ 11″ across.
The moon in Santa Maria Centro
Moon phase and position
Today the moon is 226,666 mi away and looks 32′ 45″ across.
Solunar periods
Today's activity: medium- 2:01–4:01 am Major · the moon passes overhead · high activity
- 2:33–4:33 pm Major · the moon passes underfoot · high activity
- 9:24–10:24 am Minor · moonset · medium activity
- 8:43–9:43 pm Minor · moonrise · medium activity
According to solunar theory, fish feed more when the moon passes overhead or underfoot (major periods, about 2 h) and when it rises or sets (minor periods, 1 h). It works best around new and full moon.
Upcoming moon phases
2026 moon calendar →- Last quarter Sun, Nov 1 · 7:29 pmNov 1 in 3 days
- New moon Mon, Nov 9 · 6:03 amNov 9 in 11 days
- First quarter Tue, Nov 17 · 10:48 amNov 17 in 19 days
- Full moon Tue, Nov 24 · 1:54 pmNov 24 in 26 days
Next perigee (the moon at its closest to Earth): November 25, 223,281 mi away.
Where to fish in Santa Maria Centro
Piers, ramps and tackle shops nearby
Map: OpenFreeMap · © OpenMapTiles · © OpenStreetMap contributors
Within 9.3 mi. A spot may be missing or closed. Open the map on OpenStreetMap · Missing one? Add it to OpenStreetMap
Spots: © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) and Overture Maps.
Water depth
Deepens quicklyThe bottom deepens quickly: 33 ft of water 700 ft from shore. It reaches 164 ft at 1,050 ft.
From the shoreline (700 ft from Santa Maria Centro) out to sea, heading south.
How far from shore
- 16 ft deep600 ft
- 33 ft deep700 ft
- 66 ft deep800 ft
- 164 ft deep1,050 ft
For fishing, swimming and diving
- Shore fishing. 33 ft of water just 700 ft from shore: a good cast reaches deep water. Current and surf hit harder here.
- Swimming. The water gets deeper little by little, but a few dozen yards out you can no longer stand.
- Diving. Shore diving works here: 33 ft at 700 ft and 66 ft at 800 ft from shore.
Rough estimate: here the data comes in cells of about 0.3 mi and misses details near shore (rocks, sandbars, small coves).
Source: EMODnet Bathymetry DTM 2024, here using the GEBCO grid (CC BY 4.0), cells of about 0.3 mi; depth at the lowest astronomical tide. For reference only: not for navigation or anchoring.
Nearest lighthouse
Ponta de Vera Cruz Lighthouse 0.2 mi south
- Light
- Steady red light · F R
- Range
- 3 nautical miles (3.5 mi)
- Light height
- 16 ft above sea level
- Tower height
- 13 ft
Other lighthouses nearby: Farol da Ponta do Sinó (1.3 mi southwest).
Light details: NGA List of Lights (USA); the rest from Wikidata. For reference only: not for navigation. Wikidata · Sources and licenses
Tides near Santa Maria CentroTides nearby
- Santa Maria0.1 mi
- São Paulo0.3 mi
- Murdeira5.8 mi
- Espargos11 mi
- Pedra Lume11 mi
- Palmeira12 mi
- Bom Sossego29 mi
- Sal Rei29 mi
- Rabil32 mi
Santa Maria Centro at a glance
- Town or city of about 1,957 people. Coordinates: 16.599° N, 22.904° W.
- It is 11 mi south of Espargos, the main place in Sal. The sun rises at the same time and sets at the same time than in Espargos.
- The nearest tide station, Palmeira, is 12 mi to the northwest.
- Its coast faces south.
- Beaches and harbors nearby: Calheta Funda (4.6 mi).
Questions about Santa Maria CentroQuestions
What time is high tide today in Santa Maria Centro?
Today in Santa Maria Centro there are high tides at 10:41 am (3.1 ft) and 10:54 pm (3.5 ft) and low tides at 4:16 am and 4:18 pm. Tide coefficient 91.
What time is sunset today in Santa Maria Centro?
At 6:02 pm. There is light until the end of civil twilight, at 6:24 pm.
What time is sunrise tomorrow in Santa Maria Centro?
At 6:29 am. First light comes at 5:41 am.
What phase is the moon today?
Waning gibbous, 85% illuminated. New moon on Mon, Nov 9 · 6:03 am.
When are the next spring tides?
From November 9 to 11.
What are today's solunar periods?
Major 2:01–4:01 am, Minor 9:24–10:24 am, Major 2:33–4:33 pm, Minor 8:43–9:43 pm. Today's activity is medium.
What's the weather like today in Santa Maria Centro?
Overcast, from 80 °F to 84 °F, with a moderate breeze from the north-northeast (16 mph) and a 30% chance of rain.
How is the sea today in Santa Maria Centro?
Slight (Douglas 3): 4.0 ft waves with a period of 9.9 s from the north-northwest. The water is 81.1 °F.
When is the best time to visit Santa Maria Centro?
The best time to visit Santa Maria Centro is from February to July: highs of 76 °F to 81 °F, barely 1 rainy day a month and 9 hours of sunshine a day.
Can I use this data for navigation?
No. These are predictions for fishing and leisure; for navigation, use the official publications.
Where this data comes from
Tide: Palmeira station, with constants from TICON-4 (Hart-Davis, Dettmering and Seitz, 2025, SEANOE), licensed CC BY 4.0, via Slackwater database (changes). Sun and moon: our own calculation with astronomy-engine. Places: GeoNames (CC BY 4.0). Coastline: © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL).