City Beach tides today
- Tide now 1.0 ft ↓ falling · low 10:58 am (0.3 ft)
- Best time to fish 10:00 am–12:00 pm good day · 7/10
- Beach day 1:00–6:00 pm Fair beach day · 6/10
- Waves · water 2.4 ft · 67 °F slight · 9.9 s from the southwest
- Wind · air 4 mph · 63 °F from the NNE, gusts 9 · clear
- Surf today 1.9–2.9 ft Good day · 6/10 · 6:00–10:00 am
- Sun 5:23 am–6:39 pm 13 h 17 min of daylight
- Moon 88% · 10:31 pm waning gibbous · rises at 10:31 pm
Today in City Beach there is high tide at 12:02 am (2.3 ft) and low tide at 10:58 am. Tide coefficient 106. Right now the tide is falling toward the low tide at 10:58 am. The sun rises at 5:23 am and sets at 6:39 pm: 13 h 17 min of daylight. The moon is 88% illuminated (waning gibbous) and rises at 10:31 pm. Major solunar periods run from 1:21 am to 3:21 am and from 1:54 pm to 3:54 pm. The next spring tides arrive from October 27 to 29. The sea is slight, with 2.4 ft waves. There's a light breeze from the north-northeast (4 mph). Clear, 63 °F.
Fishing in City Beach today
Best time to fish
Solunar activity today: medium- Low tide at 10:58 am
- Steady pressure (29.91 inHg), light onshore wind (7 mph) and some swell (2.3 ft waves) to stir the water
- Waning gibbous: a bit more activity than at the quarters
- Highest tide coefficient today: 106 (big spring tides)
Your day at a glance
The best window, 10:00 am to 12:00 pm, combines the 10:58 am low tide, a light onshore breeze and some swell. Also good from 12:00 am to 3:00 am, with the 12:02 am high tide, a major period, falling pressure and some swell. Also good from 1:50 pm to 3:50 pm, with a major period, a light onshore breeze and some swell.
Species with the most records nearby: John Dory, yellowtail amberjack, Australasian snapper and Atlantic bluefin tuna. What you can catch
Beach day in City Beach
Is it a beach day?
2 good hours- Sunny
- Feels like 74 °F: mild
- Onshore breeze (10 mph)
- Water at 68 °F (cool)
- Swim with care: 2.4 ft waves every 10 s; moderate rip current risk
- UV 9 (very high): SPF 50 sunscreen
Today, hour by hour
- Swimming Use care · 2.4 ft
2.4 ft waves every 10 s: swim with care and stay where you can stand. Moderate rip current risk. Always follow the lifeguard's flags.
- Water 67 °F
Cool: refreshing on a hot day.
- Sun & sunscreen UV 10 · SPF 50
Max UV 10 (very high): SPF 50 sunscreen, reapplied every 2 hours. Seek shade 11:00 am–2:00 pm (very high UV).
- Wind 10 mph
Onshore breeze (10 mph).
- Tide & sand 10:58 am
Low tide at 10:58 am: that's when there's the most sand. High tide at 12:02 am.
The best window, 1:00 pm to 6:00 pm, brings sunshine and little wind, though with some waves and very high UV. 10:00 am to 12:00 pm can also work, with sunshine, little wind and low tide at 10:58 am, though with some waves and very high UV.
We don't have data on jellyfish, sargassum or beach closures: ask the lifeguard or check with the local beach authority. How it works · The next 7 days
Beaches near City Beach
Map: OpenFreeMap · © OpenMapTiles · © OpenStreetMap contributors
- Swanbourne Beach 2.4 mi · S
- Showers
- Parking
- Nudity allowed
- Scarborough Beach 2.6 mi · N
- Restrooms
- Showers
- Parking
- South Trigg Beach 3.8 mi · N
- Restrooms
- Showers
- Parking
- North Cottesloe Beach 3.8 mi · S
- Restrooms
- Showers
- Parking
- Peters Pool 4.0 mi · S
- Restrooms
- Showers
- Parking
- Cottesloe Beach 4.3 mi · S
- Restrooms
- Showers
- Parking
- Mettams Pool 4.6 mi · N
- Restrooms
- Showers
- Parking
- Hammersley Pool 5.0 mi · N
- Parking
Named beaches within 6.2 mi, nearest first. Amenities from OpenStreetMap: some may be missing or out of date. View on OpenStreetMap · Add or fix on OpenStreetMap
Beaches and amenities: © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL).
Webcams near City Beach
Webcams provided by windy.com — add a webcam
Tides in City Beach
Today's high and low tides
- ▲ High tide 12:02 am 2.3 ft · coef. 106
- ▼ Next low tide 10:58 am 0.3 ft
↓ Falling The tide is falling. 5 h 3 min to low tide at 10:58 am.
Tide coefficient 106 for the 12:02 am high tide. Big spring tides. The water rises and falls 2.0 ft between the highest high and the lowest low: a large range for this place. 70 is an average tide here; 90 and above means spring tides; below 45, neap tides. What is the tide coefficient?
2026 extremes: the highest tide of the year is on June 15 (3.2 ft) and the lowest, on January 3 (0.0 ft).
Diurnal: one high and one low tide a day most days.
Heights above chart datum: the lowest astronomical tide (LAT), the zero of nautical charts in Europe. Astronomical prediction: wind and air pressure can raise or lower the water by a few inches, and more in a storm. Not for navigation. chart datum (LAT)
Tide coefficient and range in October
The biggest tides of the month come from October 29 to 30 (coefficient 107, 2.0 ft range). The smallest, on October 8 (coefficient 20, 0.5 ft).
Tide and solunar table · this week
| Day | Sun | Tide 1 | Tide 2 | Tide 3 | Tide 4 | Coef. | Moon | Major periods | Activity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Today, Thu 29 | 5:23 am · 6:39 pm | High tide 12:02 am · 2.3 ft | Low tide 10:58 am · 0.3 ft | — | — | Coef. 106 | 88% | Major periods 1:21 am · 1:54 pm | Medium |
| Fri 30 | 5:22 am · 6:40 pm | High tide 12:41 am · 2.2 ft | Low tide 12:25 pm · 0.3 ft | — | — | Coef. 107 | 79% | Major periods 2:26 am · 2:58 pm | Medium |
| Sat 31 | 5:21 am · 6:41 pm | High tide 1:24 am · 2.1 ft | Low tide 1:41 pm · 0.3 ft | — | — | Coef. 103 | 69% | Major periods 3:30 am · 4:01 pm | Medium |
| Sun 1 | 5:20 am · 6:42 pm | High tide 2:15 am · 2.0 ft | Low tide 2:34 pm · 0.4 ft | — | — | Coef. 93 | 58% | Major periods 4:30 am · 4:59 pm | Medium |
| Mon 2 | 5:19 am · 6:43 pm | High tide 3:21 am · 1.7 ft | Low tide 3:07 pm · 0.5 ft | — | — | Coef. 77 | Last quarter | Major periods 5:26 am · 5:52 pm | Medium |
| Tue 3 | 5:18 am · 6:43 pm | High tide 5:01 am · 1.5 ft | Low tide 3:19 pm · 0.7 ft | High tide 11:13 pm · 1.4 ft | — | Coef. 56 | 36% | Major periods 6:17 am · 6:41 pm | Medium |
| Wed 4 | 5:17 am · 6:44 pm | Low tide 4:05 am · 1.3 ft | High tide 6:53 am · 1.3 ft | Low tide 2:51 pm · 0.9 ft | High tide 9:49 pm · 1.5 ft | Coef. 32 | 26% | Major periods 7:04 am · 7:26 pm | Low |
▲ high tide · ▼ low tide · heights above chart datum (LAT). Major periods: start time; they last 2 hours. Activity: based on the moon phase and the solunar periods.
Where this tide comes from
City Beach has no station of its own, so we use the tide at Perth Barrack Street Jetty (TICON-4), 5.9 mi away. On the open coast the difference is usually a few minutes and inches; inside estuaries, rivers and enclosed bays it can be much larger.
Station data attribution: Slackwater database (https://github.com/openwatersio/slackwater-database). Source: Hart-Davis, M., Dettmering, D., Seitz, F. (2025), TICON-4: TIdal CONstants based on GESLA-4 sea-level records, SEANOE, https://doi.org/10.17882/109129. Licensed CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Modified: see https://github.com/openwatersio/slackwater-database#modifications-to-source-data
The sea at City Beach
Sea stateSea state: slight
The waves you may find
- Most commonMost common1.2 ft
- Significant2.4 ft
- Highest expectedHighest4.7 ft
One wave in seven is higher than the significant height, and about 3 times a day one reaches 4.7 ft. Before heading out, expect waves of up to 4.7 ft.
Wind on the coast and offshore
Cross-offshore wind. The coast faces west and the wind comes off the land at an angle: calmer water near the shore, and bait and boats drift out to sea.
Wave height, next 7 daysWaves, next 7 days
Waves build over the next few days. The biggest waves arrive on Wednesday 4: 5.1 ft with a period of 10 s, from the southwest (moderate).
Water temperature
Water temperature →Water temperature changes how fish behave: in very cold or very warm water they feed less. The water is steady these days, with no sudden changes.
Water about normal for late October.
Satellite: NASA MUR (JPL MUR MEaSUREs, PO.DAAC), doi:10.5067/GHGMR-4FJ04. Sources and licenses
Water temperature →Forecast from Open-Meteo (CC BY 4.0) with models from ECMWF, NOAA, Météo-France, DWD, Copernicus Marine and CAMS. Updated at 5:55 am (local time).
Nearest buoy
This is a real measurement of the sea, not a forecast. Data from Integrated Marine Observing System, via the E.U. Copernicus Marine Service. Generated using E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information (doi:10.48670/moi-00036).
Surf in City Beach today
Surf today
Good- 1.9–2.9 ft surf at the shore, a fun size for most surfers
- 1.8 ft swell at 12 s from the southwest, average
- Almost no wind (3 mph): glassy water
- Falling tide (low tide at 10:58 am)
- Light: First light 4:57 am · sunrise 5:23 am · sunset 6:39 pm · last light 7:05 pm
- Tide: high 12:02 am (2.3 ft) and low 10:58 am (0.3 ft). Every break has its own tide: some work at low tide and others at high tide. The tide doesn’t change the score here.
- Water at 66.6 °F–68.0 °F: a springsuit or a 2 mm fullsuit.
- Energy: 81 kJ · Low power
Today’s surf at a glance
The best window, 6:00 am to 10:00 am, has a good size and glassy water. 11:00 am to 1:00 pm also works, with a good size.
An estimate for this stretch of coast, not for a specific break: every beach or reef works its own way (its tide, bottom and angle). Check it when you get there.
Follow the flags and the lifeguards, and don’t paddle out if the surf is above your level: this score is a guide, not a substitute for what you see when you get there.
Diving in City Beach today
Diving and snorkeling today
Likely visibility: good- Slack water around low tide (10:58 am): little current from 10:20 am to 11:40 am
- 2.0 ft swell at 11 s from the southwest: some surge on the bottom
- Light onshore wind (7 mph)
- 0.1 mph current toward the south, weak (model)
- Sun high: more light underwater
- Slack water today: high tide 12:02 am (11:40 pm–12:20 am) and low tide 10:58 am (10:20–11:40 am)
- Likely visibility: good. Swell (up to 2.0 ft at 11 s) over the last few days has stirred up the water. Based on the last 24 hours of data.
- Water at 66.6–68.0 °F: a 5 mm wetsuit.
- Snorkeling: doable, with some waves or wind.
- Night dive: dark from 7:05 pm. Waning gibbous (88%), rising at 10:31 pm: a bright night.
Your diving day at a glance
The best window, 9:40 am to 12:40 pm, combines slack water at low tide, light wind, weak current and the sun high. Also worth a look from 2:10 pm to 3:00 pm, with light wind, weak current and the sun high, though with tidal current.
Slack water comes from the tide: in inlets, channels and between islands the water can keep running for an hour or two after. Ask the local dive shop.
Never dive alone and check with the local dive shop: this rating is a guide, not a substitute for a professional.
Dive sites, wrecks and dive shops nearby
Map: OpenFreeMap · © OpenMapTiles · © OpenStreetMap contributors
- Trigg Island Fish seen: Kyphosus sydneyanus, Notolabrus parilus, Banded Toadfish, redlip morwong 3.8 mi
- Mettams Pool Fish seen: Notolabrus parilus, Scorpis georgiana, Blushing Wrasse, Kyphosus sydneyanus 4.5 mi
- Mudurup Rocks Perth Fish seen: Schuettea woodwardi, Pempheris klunzingeri, Ostorhinchus victoriae, Arripis georgianus 4.6 mi
- North Beach Fishing Platform Perth Fish seen: Notolabrus parilus, redlip morwong, Halichoeres brownfieldi, Pseudocaranx georgianus 5.2 mi
- Elizabeth Reef Cottesloe Fish seen: Pempheris klunzingeri, Halichoeres brownfieldi, Blushing Wrasse, Notolabrus parilus 5.3 mi
- Cray Sancturary Fish seen: Pempheris multiradiata, Parma mccullochi, Notolabrus parilus, Neatypus obliquus 5.3 mi
- The Coombe Fish seen: Ostorhinchus rueppellii, Banded Toadfish, Parapercis haackei, Silver Sea Bream 5.3 mi
- Cottesloe Reef Fish Habitat Protection Area 4.7 mi
- Marmion Marine Park 9.9 mi
- Shelf Subsea 3.6 mi
- Dive Super 4.3 mi
- Power Dive 6.1 mi
Within 12 mi. Some may be missing or closed; marine reserves usually need a permit. Open the map on OpenStreetMap · Missing one? Add it to OpenStreetMap
Sites: © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL). Sites and fish: Reef Life Survey / IMOS NRMN, CC BY 4.0; fish names, Wikidata.
Weather in City Beach
Now in City Beach
- Low / high
- 61 / 72 °F
- Rain
- 0.00 in · 0%
- Clouds
- 9%
- Humidity
- 63%
- Dew pointDew point
- 50 °F
- Visibility
- 15 mi
- UV indexUV
- 0 · low
- Air qualityAir
- Fair · 30
- Saharan dust
- No
Pressure and fishing
- ↗ RisingRising Anglers say fish bite less for a while
- → SteadySteady · now Anglers expect normal activity
- ↘ FallingFalling Anglers say fish feed more before the change
Steady now (+0.01 inHg in 3 hours). It barely changes over the next 48 hours. Steady pressure: anglers expect normal activity. Fast changes, either way, tend to affect fishing.
Today, hour by hourHour by hour
Bars: mean wind. Dashed line: gusts. Arrows point where the wind blows to.
| Time | 12:00 am | 3:00 am | 6:00 am | 9:00 am | 12:00 pm | 3:00 pm | 6:00 pm | 9:00 pm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sky | Overcast | Partly cloudy | Clear sky | Clear sky | Clear sky | Clear sky | Clear sky | Clear |
| Temperature | 64° | 62° | 63° | 69° | 72° | 70° | 67° | 65° |
| Wind (mph) | 4 SSE | 4 NE | 5 NNE | 3 WNW | 9 W | 10 WSW | 9 SW | 7 SW |
| Gusts | 11 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 16 | 21 | 16 | 11 |
| Waves | 2.6 ft | 2.4 ft | 2.4 ft | 2.3 ft | 2.3 ft | 2.4 ft | 2.6 ft | 2.6 ft |
| Rain | 0.00 in | 0.00 in | 0.00 in | 0.00 in | 0.00 in | 0.00 in | 0.00 in | 0.00 in |
- 6:00 am 63° 5 NNE 2.4 ft
- 9:00 am 69° 3 WNW 2.3 ft
- 12:00 pm 72° 9 W 2.3 ft
- 3:00 pm 70° 10 WSW 2.4 ft
- 6:00 pm 67° 9 SW 2.6 ft
- 9:00 pm 65° 7 SW 2.6 ft
- 12:00 am 63° 4 SW 2.6 ft
- 3:00 am 61° 2 W 2.4 ft
Next 14 daysComing days
| Day | Sky | Low / high | Max wind | Max wave | High tides |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Today · 29 | 61 / 72 °F | 10 mph WSW | 2.6 ft | 12:02 am | |
| Fri 30 | 60 / 67 °F | 10 mph WNW | 2.6 ft | 12:41 am | |
| Sat 31 | 60 / 68 °F | 17 mph NW | 3.8 ft | 1:24 am | |
| Sun 1 | 58 / 65 °F | 11 mph SSW | 5.1 ft | 2:15 am | |
| Mon 2 | 60 / 65 °F | 10 mph W | 4.3 ft | 3:21 am | |
| Tue 3 | 59 / 67 °F | 14 mph SW | 4.1 ft | 5:01 am · 11:13 pm | |
| Wed 4 | 56 / 71 °F | 13 mph SSE | 5.1 ft | 6:53 am · 9:49 pm | |
| Thu 5 | 60 / 74 °F | 13 mph SSW | 5.1 ft | 8:49 am · 9:31 pm | |
| Fri 6 | 63 / 70 °F | 15 mph SSW | 4.5 ft | 9:36 pm | |
| Sat 7 | 63 / 69 °F | 17 mph SSW | 4.1 ft | 9:51 pm | |
| Sun 8 | 59 / 66 °F | 19 mph S | 4.3 ft | 10:11 pm | |
| Mon 9 | 56 / 65 °F | 18 mph S | 4.4 ft | 10:32 pm | |
| Tue 10 | 61 / 75 °F | 13 mph SE | 4.1 ft | 10:56 pm | |
| Wed 11 | 64 / 80 °F | 16 mph SE | 2.5 ft | 11:21 pm |
- Fri 30 Partly cloudy 60° / 67° 2.6 ft
- Sat 31 Heavy drizzle 60° / 68° 3.8 ft
- Sun 1 Light drizzle 58° / 65° 5.1 ft
- Mon 2 Light drizzle 60° / 65° 4.3 ft
- Tue 3 Light drizzle 59° / 67° 4.1 ft
- Wed 4 Clear sky 56° / 71° 5.1 ft
- Thu 5 Mainly clear 60° / 74° 5.1 ft
Each day comes from the best model covering this spot: regional ones first (HRRR and NBM in the U.S., AROME, ICON-EU), then ECMWF; day 16, NOAA GFS. Waves: Météo-France up to day 10, then ECMWF WAM, coarser and further offshore. High tides: our own tide calculation.
- The models Partly agree · medium confidence: unsure about temperature tomorrow. See the models →
- Outlook The next few weeks look normal for the time of year. See the outlook →
- Normal Today, cooler than normal for late October (−2.3 °F; normal high: 74 °F). Climate by month →
Forecast from Open-Meteo (CC BY 4.0) with models from ECMWF, NOAA, Météo-France, DWD, Copernicus Marine and CAMS. Updated at 5:55 am (local time).
The sun in City Beach
Sunrise and sunset
- First light 4:27 am
- Full dark 7:35 pm
- Civil dawn 4:57 am
- Civil dusk 7:05 pm
- Solar noon 12:01 pm (72° high)
- Daylight 13 h 17 min (+2 min)
- Evening golden hour 6:06 pm
- Full dark 7:35 pm
Golden hour and the day-night map
Today the sun is 92,343,336 mi away and looks 32′ 11″ across.
The moon in City Beach
Moon phase and position
Today the moon is 226,493 mi away and looks 32′ 46″ across.
Solunar periods
Today's activity: medium- 1:21–3:21 am Major · the moon passes overhead · high activity
- 1:54–3:54 pm Major · the moon passes underfoot · high activity
- 6:48–7:48 am Minor · moonset · medium activity
- 10:01–11:01 pm Minor · moonrise · medium activity
According to solunar theory, fish feed more when the moon passes overhead or underfoot (major periods, about 2 h) and when it rises or sets (minor periods, 1 h). It works best around new and full moon.
Upcoming moon phases
2026 moon calendar →- Last quarter Mon, Nov 2 · 4:29 amNov 2 in 4 days
- New moon Mon, Nov 9 · 3:03 pmNov 9 in 11 days
- First quarter Tue, Nov 17 · 7:48 pmNov 17 in 19 days
- Full moon Tue, Nov 24 · 10:54 pmNov 24 in 26 days
Perigee on October 29, 226,426 mi away, coinciding with the spring tides from October 27 to 29: they will be stronger than usual.
Where to fish in City Beach
Piers, ramps and tackle shops nearby
Map: OpenFreeMap · © OpenMapTiles · © OpenStreetMap contributors
- Claremont Jetty 4.0 mi
- Keanes Point Jetty 4.7 mi
- Nedlands Jetty 5.1 mi
- South Cottesloe Groyne 5.1 mi
- Boat ramp 4.0 mi
- Boat ramp 4.1 mi
- № 0916 5.6 mi
- Claremont Yacht Club 3.9 mi
- Royal Freshwater Bay Yacht Club 4.8 mi
- Western Australian Fishing Industry Council 3.4 mi
- Rpelx Shark Deterrents for Fishing 3.5 mi
- Fuel dock 5.0 mi
Within 9.3 mi. A spot may be missing or closed. Open the map on OpenStreetMap · Missing one? Add it to OpenStreetMap
Spots: © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL) and Overture Maps.
Water depth
Gentle slopeThe bottom slopes gently: 16 ft deep 0.3 mi from shore and 33 ft at 0.4 mi.
From the shoreline (0.45 mi from City Beach) out to sea, heading west.
How far from shore
- 16 ft deep0.3 mi
- 33 ft deep0.4 mi
- 66 ft deepnot within 3.1 mi
- 164 ft deepnot within 3.1 mi
For fishing, swimming and diving
- Shore fishing. Shallow, gradual bottom (16 ft at 0.3 mi): cast far from the beach and fish the high tide, when there is more water close in.
- Swimming. A very gentle way in with plenty of shallow water, good for kids. At low tide the water can be far out.
- Diving. 33 ft deep 0.4 mi from shore; 66 ft is far out (beyond 3.1 mi): for deeper dives, go by boat.
Rough estimate: here the data comes in cells of about 0.3 mi and misses details near shore (rocks, sandbars, small coves).
Source: NOAA ETOPO 2022 (CC0), cells of about 0.3 mi; depth below mean sea level. For reference only: not for navigation or anchoring.
Tides near City BeachTides nearby
- Wembley Downs1.7 mi
- Mount Claremont2.3 mi
- Swanbourne2.4 mi
- Scarborough2.7 mi
- Doubleview2.9 mi
- Claremont3.3 mi
- Cottesloe4.1 mi
- Karrinyup4.4 mi
- Trigg4.5 mi
- Mosman Park4.9 mi
City Beach at a glance
- Town or city of about 6,443 people. Coordinates: 31.934° S, 115.762° E.
- It is 41 mi north of Mandurah, the main place in West Australia. The sun rises 1 min later and sets 1 min earlier than in Mandurah.
- The nearest tide station, Perth Barrack Street Jetty, is 5.9 mi to the east.
- Its coast faces west.
- Beaches and harbors nearby: Floreat Beach (0.6 mi), Swanbourne Beach (2.4 mi), Brighton Beach (2.6 mi), South Trigg Beach (3.7 mi).
Questions about City BeachQuestions
What time is high tide today in City Beach?
Today in City Beach there is high tide at 12:02 am (2.3 ft) and low tide at 10:58 am. Tide coefficient 106.
What time is sunset today in City Beach?
At 6:39 pm. There is light until the end of civil twilight, at 7:05 pm.
What time is sunrise tomorrow in City Beach?
At 5:22 am. First light comes at 4:25 am.
What phase is the moon today?
Waning gibbous, 88% illuminated. New moon on Mon, Nov 9 · 3:03 pm.
When are the next spring tides?
From October 27 to 29, together with the lunar perigee: they will be stronger than usual.
What are today's solunar periods?
Major 1:21–3:21 am, Minor 6:48–7:48 am, Major 1:54–3:54 pm, Minor 10:01–11:01 pm. Today's activity is medium.
What's the weather like today in City Beach?
Overcast, from 61 °F to 72 °F, with a light breeze from the north-northeast (4 mph) and a 0% chance of rain.
How is the sea today in City Beach?
Slight (Douglas 3): 2.4 ft waves with a period of 9.9 s from the southwest. The water is 66.6 °F.
When is the best time to visit City Beach?
The best time to visit City Beach is from October to March: highs of 72 °F to 86 °F, about 3 rainy days a month and 11 hours of sunshine a day.
Can I use this data for navigation?
No. These are predictions for fishing and leisure; for navigation, use the official publications.
Where this data comes from
Tide: Perth Barrack Street Jetty station, with constants from TICON-4 (Hart-Davis, Dettmering and Seitz, 2025, SEANOE), licensed CC BY 4.0, via Slackwater database (changes). Sun and moon: our own calculation with astronomy-engine. Places: GeoNames (CC BY 4.0). Coastline: © OpenStreetMap contributors (ODbL).